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Elderly Dehydration Essay example - 1523 Words

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(Vasey, 2002) One of the results of chronic dehydration is fatigue or energy loss which resembles depression. (Vasey, 2002) Constipation is another result chronic dehydration, by removing too much excess liquid from stool making it hard to expel. (Vasey, 2002) Chronic dehydration also contributes to digestive disorders such as: poor digestion, gas, bloating, pain, nausea, ingestion, and loss of appetite. (Vasey, 2002) The average body produces 7 liters of digestive juices daily; but a dehydrated individual will secrete less, thereby causing improper digestion. (Vasey, 2002) Chronic dehydration causes high blood pressure due to low blood volume and the vessels sharply contracting. (Vasey, 2002) It can also cause low blood pressure in individuals, with weak vasoconstriction, who again, have a low blood volume. (Vasey, 2002) Chronic dehyd ration is also the culprit of gastritis andShow MoreRelatedNo Other Beverage Compares to Water Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pagesis not enough water being consumed there is a chance of dehydration. Dehydration symptoms consist of pounding headaches, lethargy, confusion, weakness, dry chapped lips, and leather like dry skin. People with the highest risk are elderly and small children. As the body ages, normal processes are much slower. Mental awareness combined with use of diuretics, laxatives, and limited mobility increases their risk for severe dehydration. Most elderly people have less food intake which will increase theirRead MoreEssay on Human Nutrition 1 - Lesson 81536 Words   |  7 PagesGas/stove 4. Describe the symptoms of mild, severe and chronic dehydration, and how a lack of water might cause these symptoms to occur. Give your answer in 1-2 paragraphs Mild dehydration symptoms are: †¢ Increased or constant vomiting for more than a day †¢ Fever over 38.3 C, but less than 39.4C †¢ Diarrhoea for more than 2 days †¢ Weight loss †¢ Decreased urine production †¢ Weakness †¢ Dry mouth †¢ Thirst * Athletes, the elderly and people who don’t drink sufficient amounts of water (especiallyRead MoreFluid Electrolyte Imbalance: Case Study Essay4326 Words   |  18 Pagesfluid and electrolyte imbalance. Ongoing swallowing difficulties following an osophageal rupture ten years ago has compounded this imbalance, as inadequate fluid intake due to discomfort resulting in the refusal to eat or drink, has resulted in dehydration and malnutrition. Also, a lack of mobility, reduced energy levels, muscle atrophy and fatigue due to end stage motor neuron deterioration, has produced loss of appetite and a bed bound state that has exacerbated Mr. Richards feelings of agitationRead MoreA Pathological Phenomenon1734 Words   |  7 Pagesplace once you are infected with the virus. (Baylor, 2016) Many of these symptoms develop at about 12 or 48 hours after being exposed to the virus, the symptoms can be a lot worse for others than most. (Lysen et al., 2016) For example, infants and elderly people are most likely to be seriously affected than the average young healthy person. (Akyukekbong et al., 2011) Norovirus most of the times affects one single area of the body and that is the abdomen or the gastrointestinal tract, mostRead MoreThe Dietary Recommendations For Water1839 Words   |  8 PagesConstant, pointed out to have more research on importance of water for preventing diseases and promoting health according to human physiology. The US Dietary Recommendations for water is depended on median water admissions, which cannot quantify dehydration status of the people. NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) uses single collection of blood samples to investigate serum osmolality. Some evaluation measures used are hypertonicity, urine indices, recent urine osmolality, andRead MoreShould Children Take Care of Their Aging Parents1016 Words   |  4 PagesShould Children Take Care of Their Aging Parents Why some people send their aging parents to a nursing home? The answer is that some people do not want to take care of their elderly parents and some people think nursing home care gives the elderly a better care. Most people believe that taking care of aging parents is their children’s responsibility. In different countries of the world, people live according to their own cultural values. They have the right to express their own opinion .Some peopleRead MoreOlder Clients Essay8017 Words   |  33 Pagesrelationships. Those relationships can enhance both physical and mental health. For instance, a study of 695 older men and women - mean age 79 examined the relationship between social support and the health status of elderly people. They found that social support for the elderly tends to slow down further deterioration of their health, proving that a higher level of social support may result in better health outcomes. And in another 1996 study, found that thoughts of suicide in aging adults wereRead MoreElder Mistreatment : A Case Study1250 Words   |  5 PagesMistreatment – A Case Study on Mollie S. Introduction Elder abuse includes physical, emotional, and sexual abuse as well as neglect, exploitation and abandonment of our older generation (Falk, 2012). The people that cause these injuries include the elderly person’s own family and staff members of nursing homes, assisted living facilities, medical rehabilitation facilities and hospitals (NCOA, 2017). There is approximately 1 in 10 older adults that have experienced some type of elder abuse in the UnitedRead MoreElderly Nutrition1540 Words   |  7 PagesConversely, the chronically ill elderly adult who is regularly taking a wide variety of drugs is likely to have increased need for particular nutrients as compared to his or her peers who enjoy good health. An active older persons living in the community who is able to obtain and prepare adequate meals will also need reliable sources of nutrition information to support self care, programs and services to meet his or her nutritional needs. The institutionalized elderly person is likely to need nutrient-denseRead MoreElderly Nutrition1532 Words   |  7 PagesConversely, the chronically ill elderly adult who is regularly taking a wide variety of drugs is likely to have increased need for particular nutrients as compared to his or her peers who enjoy good health. An active older persons living in the community who is able to obtain and prepare adequate meals will also need reliable sources of nutrition information to support self care, programs and services to meet his or her nutritional needs. The institutionalized elderly person is likely to need nutrient-dense

Violence Is A Serious Problem Worldwide - 2003 Words

Abuse is a serious problem worldwide and happens countless times on a daily basis. Information regarding how to deal with violence and aggression is vital to our personal well-being. Abuse comes in numerous styles and does not discriminate against anybody; violence can and often does happen to people in every type of lifestyle, culture, occupation, social-class, religion and age group. Abuse, or violence, is considered to be any intentional and unwanted contact. Violence is a major public health problem in the United States, from infants to the elderly, it affects people in all stages of life. Violence is portrayed in the media, movies, and shows on television today. For instance, television presents so much violence that it has become so well adapted and practiced in our society that it is no longer viewed as completely repulsive and appalling to the human mind. Violence throughout various television programing continues to become more accepted. We, as a society, have graduall y become numb to the consequences caused by brutality. As a result, it gives an indeterminate percentage of society the notion that violence is totally normal and socially acceptable. Hostile creatures going out causing harm to individuals with poor reasoning or without any particular explanation at all is justifiable in the eyes of immoral culprits. Observing violence primes individuals for aggressive behavior by triggering violence-related thoughts. The information provided up to thisShow MoreRelatedDomestic violence1229 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ 3/1/13 Domestic Violence Persuasive Essay Final Draft â€Å"Every year, in the United States there are over 3 million incidents of reported domestic violence. Every year, 4,000 victims of domestic violence are killed.† (Domestic Violence: Disturbing Facts about Domestic Violence). Domestic violence is a crime that is not just committed in the United States, but worldwide. 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Plexipave A Failed CRM Implementation Sample Solution

Question: Define Plexipave for A failed CRM implementation. Answer: Introduction It describes the various aspects of the Customer Relationship Management. The objective is to evaluate the critical anlaysis of the customer relationship management in the perspective of the Plexipave implementation. It enables to determine the customer relationship management their relations with enterprise system, explain different process of CRM and wrong with Plexipaves CRM and improvement strategy. Indeed, Plexipave is the producer of acrylic sports surfacing. Acrylic sport surfaces is established in the commercial, agency, tournament locations and residential involving Tennis Asia, the David Cup and Indian Wells. It is the part of California Products Corporation as a producer of coating and paints. It is located in Andover, MA. California started production of the Plexipave. It is the oldest producer of acryulic tennis court surfaces in all over the world. Further, Enterprise system is a big scale software packages that helps business process, reporting, information flows and data analytics in composite company. It has three kinds of enterprise systems such as ERP system, CRM and enterprise planning systems. Plexipave is the correlated with customer relationship management. CRM is the part of enterprise system. So, both are interrelated in their business term at the current market condition. (Motiwalla Thomson 2012). Describe customer relationship management and relation with enterprise system: CRM is a agreement that relates to strategies and technologies to handle data and assisting in customer retention, improving business relationship with customers and forcing sales growth. In the other words, It is designed to collect information on customer variety channels or point of channel between the organization and the customer that involves the organizations, live chat, telephone, direct mail, social media and marketing materials,. Further, The relationship between enterprise and CRM can be complicated for someone who has started searching for CRM solutions for their business. There are several small business person offering many editions, It is an easy to get confused when business required enterprise CRM. Enterprise system CRM solution such as SAP, Salesforce and Microsoft Dynamics are planned for larger and flexible business with customer facing departments databases. It allows for a high degree of automation such as generating alerts when problem increase. (Baran Galka 2 013). Enterprise system can be more expensive as compared to CRM standard. Most of price will be attribute on time and effort involving in customizing the deploying and system. The extra price involves robust support for issues such as creating mobile applications and training. Enterprise system has three types of system such as supply chain management, CRM and enterprise resource planning. Here, CRM was created to find the requirement to increase the sales department productivity. Supply chain management relates to collection of tasks, equipment, data, people and resource required to produce products from vendor to a customer. The enterprise resource planning software integrates business process such as finance, inventory management, purchasing and human resources. In the regard of ERP system, it integrated software modules such as quality management, sales, accounts receivables, share data and communicate. Enterprise system is an useful in the Plexipaves kinds of small business or ganization. It helps to raise the employees productivity, business knowledge and reduce the duplication of organization data. Plexipaves kinds of enterprise system attributes offer specific profit such as improved response to the raised work quality, marketplace, greater staff collaboration, support of teamwork and efficiency. (Kumar Reinartz 2012). [Chart 1, (Source: Motiwalla Thomson 2012)] Determine different process of CRM: CRM process is determined as the activities performed by the company relating the CRM. The purpose of the CRM process is to form customer perception of the company and its products through building customer relationship, developing customer knowledge and indentifying customers. It is the categorized into horizontal and vertical process, back office process, primary secondary process and front-office process. (Fjermestad Robertson 2015). These are the different process of the CRM that is described below: Customer facing level CRM process: It is a process that manage termination, maintenance, customer relationship initiation and across all customers to raise the value of the relationship portfolio. The customer facing CRM process includes relationship maintenance, relationship termination and relationship initiation. (Reinartz, Krafft Hoyer 2004). Further, maintenance process involves the activity that portray customer relationship such as retention program and up cross selling. (Makkar 2012). It is helpful to maintain CRM strategy process in the competitive business environment. So, organization should follow the current process of CRM strategy to survive in the market. Termination process involves bad relationship for used to find and settle on ending. Initiation process involves activity that take place before early stage of the relationship. Furthermore, this context shows the significant of coordinating information across period to handle the whole customer relationship systema tically. It is the significant process of CRM that related with the Plexipaves. (Rababah, Mohd Ibrahim 2011). Customer oriented CRM process: It covers the customer activities performed to satisfy a need to solve a problem. The customer is the king of market and it is the wholesale of the market. So, process should be based on customer oriented that attract people to follow them. The customer oriented CRM process has three kinds of process such as delivery, analysis and support process. CRM deliver process is known as part of customer process involving campaign, service, complaint, sales management process. CRM analysis process is the analyzing the gathored knowledge of CRM process involving lead management, segmentation, feedback, customer profiling and knowledge management. CRM support process deals with supporting objective by the market research process. (Kim Kim 2009). Cross functional CRM process: It is based on holistic approach such as performance assessment process, strategy development process, the information management process, value creation process and multichannel integration process. The value creation process is based on the outputs of the development process. The value of the customer receives, the organization receives, maximizing the lifetime value of desired customer are the significant elements of the value creation process in the perspective of the Plexipave implementation. The strategy development process covers the reciprocal set of strategic process that provides the detail overview of the company strategy. The information management process is collected from develop clear proper marketing responses. Performance assessment process is an assuring of achieving the company strategic objective in terms of CRM. It includes observing of the CRM activities to getting customers feedback regarding CRM implementation in the organization. (Makkar 2012). CRM macro level process: It relate to the undertaken activities of the company to develop market intelligence. The Plexipaves can leverage to construct and survive a profit-raising portfolio. Macro is the part of economic of the country that helps to evaluate the current economy condition. It is helpful to predict the future growth of the organization. The interaction management processs and knowledge management process are dependent on the technological and human resource of the company. (Kim Kim 2009). Knowledge management process has three types such as data collection, intelligence dissemination and intelligence generation, Data collection relate to the collection of information to the customers. The intelligence generation relate to the discussion of the colletion information into desire to be disseminated in the intelligence process across the company to all staff who has relation with customers. (Rababah, Mohd Ibrahim 2011). (Source: Rababah, Mohd Ibrahim 2011) Wrong (failure) with Plexipaves CRM strategy and improvement: These are the significant failure with Plexipaves CRM strategy that is described below: Lack of business will be the reason for CRM implementation failure. The organization should adopt clear strategy for business to run in the competitive market. It is the significant way to survive in the current market. The organization strategy should be customer oriented that attract new customer in the Plexipaves CRM strategy.(Kumar Reinartz 2012). Plexipaves that think CRM software is the CRM. It is not trying to achieve CRM strategy. It should be realized that CRM software is enabler to reach CRM strategy. (Sheth Parvatiyar 2011). Project management or poor planning will not help to CRM implementation failure. But also result in employees job loss. Project management or planning should be handle by the well educated team of the organization. The organization shoul hire some subject specialized employees that can handle technical work perfect manners. A selection of the wrong CRM provider will end up in execution failure. If a provider is chosen lacks expertise, expensive and unable to train staff properly. Then, the CRM execution will be wrong. Sometimes, it may be boil down to personalities. Some providers are attracted with solution. So, they dont spend proper focus on the business requirement of the organization. (Sherif 2009). All staff should belive in the CRM strategy. They should be educated in order to purchase the CRM execution and utilization. Time frame will be not bounded and training will be not appropriate. (Tosovic 2010). Insecure hardware is likely to challenge system and compel political risk while software solution mediate risk and function is outsourced to hosting distributor. Software solution will provide clear way to success in the competitive market. They should provide hardware security to survive in the market challenge system because it is necessary for the safety purpose. (Sherif 2009). The benefits of CRM execution is a clear understanding of the Plexipaves action business. (Sheth Parvatiyar 2011). An unsuccessful data conversion can enforce the new CRM strategy. Existing data desire to converted or migrated the new CRM strategy. Data quality depends on the architecture database. It can be reason for technical problems. (Kumar Reinartz 2012). Wrong with the McGraw-Hill/Siebel-hosted CRM application: Plexipaves bought this hosted CRM and five seats to test the program. The system went live without cover the development of it. The internal users were trained by presentation and computer based training. There were no proper training program that is wrong with McGraw-Hill/Siebel-hosted CRM application. (Fjermestad Robertson 2015). The another main wrong thing with Plexipaves is outside the US. But, McGraw Hil didnt extend its abroad services. So, the hosted CRM followed the suit and enter abroad postal codes. Plexipaves salesman travel field, there is no proper internet facility or technology to integrate the use of remote CRM strategy. They dont provide any guideline that how to operate the software and several lacked the knowledge to understand the strategic benefit that could be dedected from CRM programs. Plexipaves director was wavered due to numerous issues from the salesman that the program developed an unnecessary work. The Doge representative offered extra training and upd ates. The director was explored the executation and as result hosted CRM was a failure. (Liao 2010). Conclusion: On the basis of above analysis, concluded that clear the customer relationship management their relations with enterprise system, different process of CRM and wrong with Plexipaves CRM and improvement strategy as well as high caliber to adopt new technique in Plexipaves helps to achieve its competitive position in the market. It is matter of fact that execute CRM program faced with failure in several sectors. The clear idea about the CRM and its aspect such as scope, process, definition and technology is still limited. The knowledge of the main component of the CRM initiative is significant for success. Recommendation: These are the significant recommendation of the Plaxipaves CRM implementation strategy. Plaxipaves should produce innovative product as per customer choice that help to maintain customer relationship management. Plaxipaves should expand their business market in the worldwide to sale their profitability and sales. It would be beneficial for the Plexipaves growth and development. (Rababah, Mohd Ibrahim 2011). Plaxipaves should focus on marketing about their product features as compare to competitors organization. They should tell customers about extra quality of the product feature of the organization. So, people will prefer to buy them. Plaxipaves should deliver low price with high quality product as compared to competitor organization that would raise the sale of the organization. A high sales generate the revenue of the organization that is helpful in the competitive market to extend their business in the competitive market. (Motiwalla Thomson 2012). References Ahmad, N, Mohammad, 2012, Ontology-Based Applications for Enterprise Systems and Knowledge Management, IGI Global, Melbourne. Baran, RJ, Galka, RJ, 2013, CRM: The Foundation of Contemporary Marketing Strategy, Routledge, Sydney. Blumberg, DF, 2016, Managing High-Tech Services Using a CRM Strategy, CRC Press, Melbourne. Buttle, F, Maklan, S, 2015, Customer Relationship Management: Concepts and Technologies, Routledge, Sydney. Fjermestad, J, Robertson NC, 2015, Electronic Customer Relationship Management, Routledge, Sydney. Giachetti, RE, 2016, Design of Enterprise Systems: Theory, Architecture, and Methods, CRC Press, Sydney. Kim, HS, and Kim, YG, 2009, A CRM performance measurement framework: Its development process and application, Industrial marketing management, 38(4), pp.477-489. Knox, S, Payne, A, Ryals, L, Maklan, S, and Peppard, J, 2007, Customer relationship management, Routledge, Sydney. Kumar, V, Reinartz, W, 2012, Customer Relationship Management: Concept, Strategy, and Tools, Springer Science Business Media, New York. Lairson, MG, 2010, Oracle Crm On Demand Dashboards, Tata McGraw-Hill Inc, Sydney. Liao, H, 2010, April. SaaS business model for software enterprise, In Information Management and Engineering (ICIME), 2010 The 2nd IEEE International Conference on (pp. 604-607). Makkar, 2012, Customer Relationship Management, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, Sydney. Motiwalla, Thomson, 2012, Enterprise Systems for Management, Pearson Education Inc. New York. Rababah, K, Mohd, H, Ibrahim, H, 2011, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Processesfrom Theory to Practice: The Pre-implementation Plan ofCRM System, International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, 1(1), p.22. Sheth, JN, Parvatiyar, A, 2011, Customer relationship management: Emerging practice, process, and discipline, Journal of Economic and Social research, 3(2), pp.1-34. Tosovic, V, 2010, Strategic use of CRM, diplom.de, Sydney. Sherif, MH, 2009, Handbook of Enterprise Integration, CRC Press, Sydney. Umar, A, 2014, Third Generation Distributed Computing Environments, nge solutions, inc, Melbourne.

The Evolution Fo Renaissance Art Essays - Western Art,

The Evolution Fo Renaissance Art The Renaissance was an era of beautiful artwork and structures that flourished all over Western Europe. The artists began to be more expressive and creative in their designs. Art evolved by way of subject matter, technique, influences, and of course the artists. Some of the most noted artists, architects, and sculptors of the High Renaissance include Giotto, Donato Bramante, Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. It was one of the high points of humanism and the expression of creativity and beauty of life. During the period between 1350 to 1550, art changed and evolved through its subject matter. The subject matter of painting before the Renaissance was primarily religious; it was concerned not with the naturalistic portrayal of human life, but with the purpose of provoking a religious reaction of the viewer. Painters were not interested in making a picture look realistic. During the Renaissance, all that changed. Suddenly artwork began to put emphasis on human beings and the environment. Giotto was one of the first masters to put these ideas on canvas. He turned away from the symbolic art of the Middle Ages and went more towards art that dealed directly with people and things. People were painted as to mimic social situations, and settings were painted in attempt to look real. Giotto along with Michelangelo helped catalyze this movement in which Italian artists moved from the unrealistic and symbolic art of the Middle Ages to a mastery of illusion. Art began to give the impression that it was an accurate representation of real life. As time moved on, figures began to look more realistic. For example, Giotto's work looks much more realistic than earlier art, but when compared to Raphael's two hundred years later, it is hardly representative. Although there was an intense drive toward realism, artists did not want to make a copy of nature. They began to play around with perspective and manipulate what they actually saw. Reality was contorted to give figures an inner expressiveness. The earlier masters were able to convey emotions, but this practice became more advanced in the Renaissance. There was a broader range of personality and artists like Leonardo Da Vinci found new ways to show human feelings. The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa best illustrate Da Vinci's mastery of human depth. They both portray great psychological depth and a sense of inner life. Much of the subject matter of Renaissance artists continued to be religious. As with the Middle Ages, there was a consistent infatuation with Christianity and biblical scenes. However, one thing that did change was the use of symbols. Medieval art persistently used symbols to comment on or explain the meaning of a painting. In Renaissance painting, symbols were used more accurately and more often because of the painters' ability to copy nature correctly. Human beings were also portrayed more commonly and anatomy was constructed more precisely. In short, subject matter of art in the Renaissance became much more advanced and realistic. In order to evolve artistically, artists in the Renaissance had to use new and more advanced techniques. Some of these methods were based on mathematics like perspective and geometric arrangements. The 15th century underwent intense technical development, which allowed artists to take advantage of sciences and technology. Leonardo da Vinci was the first Renaissance painter to master the use of mechanical perspective. This element guides the painter in drawing the relative size of objects correctly. Also in use was aerial perspective, which uses progressively paler colors on receding objects to obtain a sense of depth. Another effect was sfumato, a blurring or hazing of the outline of an object to blend it into its surroundings. Along with chiaroscuro, a way of painting shadows to give definition to the forms they fall across. Painters also had to manipulate light and shade to obtain a more realistic look. Furthermore, manipulation of light and shadow is also apparent in architecture in the Tempietto. Besides painting devices, artists also had to study their material in order to acquire a realistic appearance. Leonardo da Vinci wrote that ?the painter will produce pictures of small merit if he takes for his standard the pictures of others, but if he will

World War II Speech

World War II Speech I. World War II was the most devastating war in world history. The war resulted in horrific property damage as well as about 17 million military deaths and even more civilian deaths.(click) The devastation of the war was mainly due to the advanced military weapons used, from the infantry on the front line to the ships in the sea and the planes in the sky, these weapons destroyed lives and property in nearly every part of the world. The United States became involved in the war in 1939. (Click) a. The government is constantly coming up with more efficient ways to win wars through technology. World War II was the most devastating war in history. It resulted in major property damage and about 17 million military deaths and more civilian deaths. (click) b. The devastation of the war was due to the advanced technology, from the infantry on the front line to the ships in the sea and the planes in the sky, these weapons destroyed lives and property in nearly every part of the world.(Click)A U.S. Navy Grumman F6F-3 Hellcat of fighter squad...c. First I will talk about new technologies that the troops on the ground used, next I will discuss the implementation of armored tanks that were used, and finally I talk about the advancements the Navy made during World War II. (Click) II. World War II was a war of the infantry. Hundreds of thousands of allied soldiers fought and died on the front line due to theses following weapons. The allied forces used many different types of firearms throughout the war. The GI's on the front line used rifles, shotguns, machine guns, automatic rifles, mortars, bazookas, recoilless rifles, grenades, sub machine guns, knives, pistols, flamethrowers, armored vehicles and tanks to achieve their objectives. World War II was the introduction for the bazooka, flamethrower,

How to Write the UPenn Application Essays 2018-2019

Located just across the river from downtown Philadelphia, the University of Pennsylvania is one of the world’s premier institutions of higher learning. UPenn is known not only for its academic prowess but also for its thriving student life scene. This encompasses not only the myriad of on campus extracurricular pursuits but also the bustling metropolis just minutes away from campus. As an Ivy League institution, UPenn is one of the most elite institutions in the world. Its acceptance rate for the class of 2022 was a mere 8.39%. The middle 50 percent of ACT scores ranged from 32-35, and the middle 50 percent of SAT Math and Reading scores ranged from 690-770 and 680-750 respectively. In terms of structure, UPenn has four undergraduate divisions: the School of Arts & Sciences, Wharton School of Business, the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and the School of Nursing. They also offer a myriad of interdisciplinary specialized programs that range from cognitive science to network analysis. Many of these programs combine the business of practices of UPenn’s legendary Wharton School with other disciplines, such as the Huntsman Program in International Studies & Business. This guide will provide invaluable advice for each of the essay prompts. Whether you’re majoring in chemistry or applying for the 7-year pre-dental program, we’ll provide you with plenty of tips for how to present your best self to the UPenn admissions office. Penn has one 400-650 word essay that all of its applicants must write, but those who want to apply to specialized programs, such as the Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business or the Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology , will have to write one or two additional essays. The first question you may have about your application is: what is the relation between your general application essay and your specialized program application essay? The first thing to know is that these specialized programs are very selective. They are not just looking for the â€Å"smartest† students, but rather the students whose particular experiences and goals best fit with what that specialized program has to offer . If you are not selected for a specialized program, it does not mean that you are intellectually inferior — it just means that other students were a better â€Å"fit.† For example, the Huntsman program is incredibly selective , admitting only 45 students per year out of an incoming class of almost 2,500. What this means is that applying for, and not being admitted to, a specialized program will not hurt your application to Penn. In your first essay (which everyone who applies to Penn must write), you will talk about how you will pursue your intellectual interests at Penn through one of its four large undergraduate schools: the Wharton School of Business, the College of Arts and Sciences, the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and the School of Nursing. Then, if you are applying to a specialized program, you will make a specialized case for why you should go to that school. When you write, you’ll want to make sure that you are not repeating information between these two essays and that each essay can stand on its own . This can be a little bit of a challenge, but if you have what it takes to get into Penn it probably means that you have a wealth of different ways to talk about your interests. * Students applying to Digital Media Design and Computer & Cognitive Science should address both the specialized program and single-degree choice in their response. For students applying to the other coordinated dual-degree and specialized programs, please answer this question in regards to your single-degree school choice; your interest in the coordinated dual-degree or specialized program may be addressed through the program-specific essay. This essay is asking a very straightforward question: what do you want to study and why do you want to study that at Penn in particular. With this question, the admissions officers are trying to do three things. First, they are trying to weed out those candidates that are just applying to Penn because it is a â€Å"fancy school.† Second, they want to learn something about your intellectual passions and interests. Third, they want to see if you have done your research and started to figure out how you will use Penn to pursue those intellectual passions and interests. When they ask you to talk about your major within one of the four schools — Arts and Sciences, Engineering, Nursing, and Wharton — you should realize that you are not necessarily talking about these schools in general. Each of these schools contains a multitude of different majors, areas of focus, research opportunities, and Penn wants to know that you have taken the time to research their offerings. For example, if you are applying to the College of Arts and Sciences, you should not be talking about â€Å"Arts and Sciences† as a whole (everything from biology to French literature!). Focus on the major and classes within the school of Arts and Sciences that you want to pursue. Maybe you want to study at Penn because of its remarkably high number of professors (10!) working on differential geometry — a subject of particular interest to you. You might begin your essay by talking about how you have been interested in differential geometry ever since you asked your high school math teacher, â€Å"Okay, we’ve gone over how to find the surface area of a cube, but how would you even begin to find the surface area of something like a plastic bag floating in the air?† You can then go on to talk about the work you’ve done studying new topics in geometry over the summer, the thrill of thinking about how billiard balls bounce around differently shaped boards , and the overlap between your interests and the unique research profile of Penn’s mathematics faculty. An important thing to remember here is that you need to talk about both your passion for a particular subject area and what Penn has to offer you — both aspects are equally important! If you are interested in one of Penn’s specialized programs, you still need to write an essay about how you intend to pursue your intellectual interests at Penn, regardless of whether you are admitted to a specialized program or not. The trick here is to write an essay that communicates the full force of enthusiasm and excitement for a plan of study at Penn that does not hinge exclusively on admission to a specialized program, such as Huntsman (discussed in more detail below). Maybe you have been fascinated with international relations and diplomacy ever since you started learning French and playing Massive Online Multi-player strategy games that required weaving complex treaties with people from many different parties. You can write a great essay about how you hope to use Penn’s resources to pursue a major in international relations, and how you especially look forward to studying abroad — maybe to meet some of the people who you have been collaborating with from all over the world. Then, if you are interested in the intersection of business and international relations, you might use your Huntsman essay to talk about your abiding interest in logistics (perhaps related to your work in gaming) has drawn you to the problem of how conflicts in international law might affect the efficiency of global shipping supply chains. The College of Engineering’s special programs in Digital Media Design and Computer & Cognitive Science are something of a special case. For these two programs, your statement of why you fit into them belongs in this general admissions essay, not in a separate prompt. As such, you need to treat this essay like an application for a specialized program that also addresses the major you will pursuing outside these specialized programs. This means you will need to cram a lot into this essay. The trick in these cases is to use your essay to show how the distinctive intellectual interest that you are pursuing in the College of Arts and Sciences or the College of Engineering will be augmented by the addition of these specialized programs. For example, if you are applying to Computer & Cognitive Science, you might also be applying to the College of Arts & Sciences to study Linguistics. You can start the essay by talking about how language has always fascinated you: you always wanted to dig deeper than the rules listed in your grammar books. Why — you ask — do we say â€Å"the big red house† and not â€Å"the red big house?† Maybe part of what drove you to start learning Spanish and Russian was to see if rules of syntax in English also applied to other languages. Then, you’ll pivot in a new paragraph to talk about how your interest in syntax also makes you interested in Penn’s program in Computer & Cognitive science. Your interest in word-order might go beyond human-made languages and extend to the languages machine intelligences are starting to create . In order to show the admissions committee that your passion for computing is no less than your passion for learning new languages, you might talk about the work you did programming a chatbot or creating a little video game to help you study your Latin declensions. If you are applying to any of these interdisciplinary programs, you want to show the admissions committee that you have already started to think across disciplinary boundaries. What if you are not particularly interested in any of Penn’s specialized programs? That’s perfectly fine! Not applying to those programs will not hurt your application or make you seem like an â€Å"unambitious† student. After all, most of the specialized programs are focused on the intersection between the business school and other areas of study. Returning to our math example above, maybe you are just fascinated with geometry and not particularly concerned with its applications on Wall Street? That’s perfectly fine! But for those with a sincere interest, Penn’s specialized programs offer unique interdisciplinary possibilities. The rest of this article will tackle those prompts. Finally, though this essay asks you to discuss the â€Å"specific undergraduate school† you are applying to, that does not mean you cannot mention (in a short paragraph, maybe at the end of the essay) some of the social and cultural reasons that attracted you to the city of Philadelphia and its surrounding social and cultural possibilities. Maybe you are a history buff fascinated with Benjamin Franklin or maybe there is an exhibit at the Philadelphia Museum of art that you have been dying to see. You won’t spend all your time in class at Penn, and it can’t hurt to offer a glimpse of your extracurricular interests in this essay. As Penn says, â€Å"Your essays tell us what sort of person you are — and provide a glimpse into the intangibles you might bring to our community.† The first thing to do if you are considering applying to any of Penn’s specialized programs is research . Go to their websites and read those â€Å"mission statements† and â€Å"about us† sections! More than that: go deeper and see what kinds of classes are offered and what the faculty who teach these classes research. If you can, talk to an alumnus of one of these programs. Or stroll through YouTube and see if there is a video posted from events and conferences sponsored by these different programs. The more details you have about these programs, the better you will be able to talk about how your specific interests line up with what these programs have to offer. If you want to apply to the program in Life Sciences and Management, it will not be enough to say that you are interested in â€Å"life sciences† because you really enjoyed your AP Biology class, and that you are interested in â€Å"management† because you’ve always wanted to be an entrepreneur who finds â€Å"practical solutions to real world problems.† You’ll need to get specific and show that you’ve really done your homework and that your interest in these interdisciplinary fusions is more than just a passing phase. The Huntsman Program in International Studies & Business is a unique, four-year interdisciplinary undergraduate course of study that integrates business education, advanced language training and a liberal arts education. Huntsman students earn two degrees — a B.A. in International Studies from the School of Arts and Sciences and a B.S. in Economics from the Wharton School. Huntsman students specialize in the area of the world in which their target language is spoken and graduate with a nuanced understanding of the political, economic and cultural complexities in a changing world. One key aspect of the Huntsman curriculum is choosing a country/culture, and then engaging in focused study for the next four years. Though this question may seem to be asking about all international issues, and though it may be tempting to try to synthesize global commerce in 500 words, what this essay really wants you to do is talk about a specific international issue from the perspective of a particular cultural or regional focus. The key is to analyze that issue from both the perspective of politics and from the perspective of business. Even if you are focusing on a very specific issue, this is a lot of ground to cover in just 500 words. Another way to give your essay focus is to talk about an issue that you have some kind of connection to or interest in because of your own history or experience. Maybe you come from or have relatives in the region that you are discussing? Maybe you have traveled to or worked in that region? Maybe you live in a neighborhood that has a lot of immigrants from a particular region? It is, of course, possible to write a thoughtful essay about a topic and region that you only know through a collection of diverse and carefully studied sources. But it can help your readers better understand your own personal interests if you can offer some kind of narrative as to why you are writing your essay on one particular issue when there is a whole world of problems to consider. For example, maybe you have family ties in Venezuela and are worried about the political and economic turmoil that country is currently experiencing. A compelling essay might discuss the challenges that come from threatening sanctions in order to get the Venezuelan government to open up its borders to foreign aid. Might sanctioning oil only cause further economic hardship for the citizens of Venezuela? Are sanctions an effective means of responding to repressive regimes? When and how can governments intervene in trade policy for humanitarian ends? The meaning of your analysis lies not only in the larger trends you are observing but also in the hospitals without medicine and the collapse of currency . An especially compelling version of this essay does not just engage in a cold analysis of international governmental and business relations, but also discusses how those problems impact the lives of real people. For another less politically charged but no less complex example, you could have a deep interest in how Chinese business has traditionally been conducted without enforced contracts . Maybe you do not have any family ties in China, but you read about this strange aspect of Chinese trade in the Wall Street Journal and wondered whether that editorial writer was just dealing in cultural stereotyping (â€Å"they are irrational!†) or whether there was something about the structure and practice of Chinese contract law that made it different from (if not necessarily better than) United States contract law. Perhaps your work in the Huntsman program will prepare you to help multinational corporations understand the nuances of informal contract law in China, perhaps even understanding how those informal structures might grant them greater flexibility. Of course, if you do write about a region that you do not have any personal connection to, you will also want to demonstrate more than a passing interest in that region. As you write this essay, you should also find space to mention how you have been studying the Chinese language for the last three years and expect to continue studying it at Penn. One last word on how the Huntsman curriculum might help you â€Å"resolve† the issue: if you are talking about a complex problem, you are not going to propose a â€Å"solution† in the space of a 500-word essay. Instead, you want to talk about how that curriculum will help you acquire the skills necessary to collaborate and further study the problem. In the Venezuelan example, you might point to the limitations of sanctions given that country’s history of seeing the United States as an â€Å" imperialist interloper .† In the Chinese example, you are exploring the nuances of communication and how promises are formed and sustained, not suddenly convincing China to take up a whole new legal framework. A mature essay avoids simple and grandiose solutions and shows that you are intellectually curious and open to the sustained inquiry and collaboration needed to tackle tough problems. LSM is an  undergraduate dual-degree program  administered jointly between Penn’s College of Arts & Sciences and the Wharton School. Each year, the program enrolls approximately 25 exceptional students and offers them the opportunity to pursue an interdisciplinary curriculum combining bioscience and business, leading to the completion of two degrees: a Bachelor of Arts in a life science major, as well as a Bachelor of Science in Economics. To ensure that every student learns how to apply their knowledge, the program provides the means for him or her to find two required, paid internships, one centered in scientific research, the other in business or public policy. Completion of the LSM program is an ideal starting point for students intent on careers in the life sciences sector by preparing them for the  advanced training we anticipate they will then go on to pursue through MD, PhD, MBA, JD, and/or  other graduate programs. LSM is suited to students with interests in h ealthcare; biomedical, agricultural, and environmental research and development; public policy; and the financial and strategic management of  life science organizations. This question is similar to the Huntsman question, as it requires to you to synthesize your interests and explain why LSM is the program for you. This program attempts to bridge the constant gap between scientific innovation and marketable solutions. An effective way to answer this is to point to a problem within a lab setting and explain how management overhauls can address it. For example, you could focus on the problem of managing the profitability of important drugs in low-margin markets. An example would be a cure to dengue fever that targets extremely low-income individuals in developing natures. As such, research efforts are dampened by a perceived lack of profitability amid large R&D expenses. An LSM education could provide the insight into the management side of life sciences to effectively raise the margins of a new drug that would motivate investment and seed funding to ultimately bring about a cure for millions of individuals. But if you go this route, you should also be wary of talking in a vague way about how â€Å"management† magically improves efficiencies. You will want to try to be specific about the organizational changes that you think might be helpful. In the dengue fever example, maybe you are interested in studying how leaders in marginalized countries might be incorporated into the drug’s distribution channels — perhaps both decreasing the need to build expensive new distribution infrastructure and hopefully securing the trust of community users. As you compose this essay, you should be aware that it asks you to be both as specific and as original as possible . You may be really excited about how gene therapies might allow HIV patients to forgo the onerous task of taking antivirals every day. On the business side, this new treatment could potentially reduce costs and lessen the number of trips patients have to take to the doctor — an especially relevant consideration for people in rural areas and people with limited mobility. But instead of just saying what we’ve said in the previous two sentences, there might be a more inventive way of approaching your prompt. What if you started your essay by presenting the script for a fictional advertisement for your new therapy? After you’ve talked up its benefits of gene therapy in your fictional TV spot, you might add a paragraph reflecting the particular challenges of getting patients to accept new treatments. The challenges facing gene therapy are not just technical challenges to be solved in the lab; there are also public relations challenges in a world where people are skittish about genetic engineering that need to be solved by an effective business communications strategy. Maybe the reason you are applying for the LSM is that you are interested in all the challenges that come with bringing a new treatment to the market from advancing through clinical trials to selling the treatment to doctors and patients. The benefit of this particular â€Å"creative† option for the essay is that it is not simply â€Å"off-the-wall,† attention grabbing for the sake of nothing more than surprise value. If you are writing about communication strategies and your essay presents itself as part of that communication strategy, then the form and content of your writing synergize. If you use a creative gimmick in your essay, it needs to amplify, rather than obscure, your central claim. The Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology, affectionately called the M&T Program, is the oldest coordinated dual degree program at the University of Pennsylvania. The Program combines academics from two phenomenal Penn assets, Penn Engineering and the Wharton School, into one unique educational experience. Students enrolled in the M&T Program pursue degrees from both schools concurrently, creating a truly interdisciplinary learning experience. This combination enables our students not only to understand engineering and business concepts, but also to understand the integration of the two and how this intersection distinctively shapes our world. This prompt is unique in the sense that it provides an opportunity for you to demonstrate your analytical reasoning and argumentation beyond discussing personal characteristics or facts about the school. Your best bet here will be taking a solutions-driven approach. Luckily, the structure of this essay is relatively clear-cut. The true difficulty comes in devising a response that is creative but also intelligibly grounded in reality. You should begin your essay by identifying one such disruptive technology and what the popular opinion is regarding its predicted significance. When selecting your form of technology, it’s important to be specific. For instance, don’t just write about machine learning, but instead write about something more detailed like machine learning software that encrypts secret government information. Also, it might be helpful to choose a technology that isn’t too ‘mainstream’ but that also does have seemingly serious implications for society. This will demonstrate your familiarity with the field. Once you’ve constructed a short introduction that establishes both your chosen technology and the common perception about its imminent success, your next step is to knock that argument down. Carefully research all possible implications of your chosen technology, and try to evaluate possible alternative nuances to each one. Brainstorm other extenuating factors that seem relatively unspoken of and could diminish the success of this technology. In essence, UPenn wants to see your ability to make a strong argumentative case against some technology. This will demonstrate both your familiarity with the effects of technology and your ability to think critically about its implications in society. Finally, you should focus on addressing the concerns arisen in the previous section. These solutions could come in many forms: possible tweaks to the initial technology, alternative uses of other, related technologies, etc. UPenn wants to see not only your foresight for potential technological issues, but also your creative problem solving capabilities that address these issues in turn. Here, admissions officers want to see that your problem-solving style demonstrates leadership/creativity. This is important because Jerome Fisher heavily emphasizes leadership and collaboration with others. Make sure your response reflects both leadership and creativity. Furthermore, you should emphasize genuine leadership through actions—not just a title you’ve held. For instance, if you were the treasurer of Key Club, talk about the initiatives you helped direct rather than solely the position itself. For example, maybe you helped start a can drive competition at your high school and then transported the cans to a local food kitchen. Furthermore, leadership in this sense doesn’t necessarily have to relate to a title. People demonstrate leadership all the time in their daily lives. For instance, maybe you were doing group work in your economics class, and you helped guide your team through a challenging problem. Just make sure you’re showing rather than telling . In terms of structure, you should first write a short introduction wherein you present the main problem. This problem can be literally anything. The important part is how you solve it. The bulk of your response should address your problem-solving method. Make sure the resolution of your problem involves both creative problem solving and effective group communication on your part. The purpose of this prompt is for UPenn to find people that have both ingenuity and strong leadership skills. For instance, maybe your robot breaks down at a robotics competition. You then respond by assembling it in a slightly flawed manner and collaborating with your team to reconstruct several lines of code. Only through your calm coordination is the team able to rebound and then place first in the competition. Likewise, only through your creative adaptability is the team able to suitably fix the robot’s code. Whatever scenario you present, make sure to address both your creativity and leadership in equal part. In the NHCM  program, you’ll study simultaneously in both schools and graduate with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing and a Bachelor of Science in Economics. Your work will include science and clinical courses, along with general education courses in the Arts and Sciences. We designed the   curriculum   to boost expertise in patient care and deepen your knowledge of how to manage the way that care is delivered. Nursing is a caring profession . Nurses handle patients when they come in the door, dressing wounds and calming anxieties long before the doctor appears. Nursing programs are justly proud of the way that they train their students in both the art of medicine and the art of empathy. The interesting challenge of this essay lies in speaking to the intersection between this deeply personal field that focuses on one-on-one interactions and the often depersonalized technocratic work of â€Å"management,† which looks to maximize systematic efficiencies. How to write an essay that situates your interests at the intersection of these apparently opposite fields For most nursing programs, the traditional essay dives into two aspects: (1) your training in science that prepares you to understand the technical aspects of working with individual bodies, and (2) your capacity for empathy and the humanistic training that allows you to treat each body as a full person. You will certainly need to address both of these topics in this essay. To do so, you might talk about a particular harrowing experience you had while shadowing a nurse at your local ER. When a patient came in after falling down the stairs, you saw how the nurse’s knowledge of applied physiology helped them maneuver the patient’s body without aggravating his head injury. But in order to learn that the patient’s head was injured, the nurses also needed to communicate with a panicked sister-in-law who was also the nurse’s best source of information. The good nurse must be both scientist and humanist in order to care for the individual. But in order to apply for the NHCM, you will need to add one more aspect to your essay: the management aspect. This includes the problems of budgeting, classification, scheduling, billing, and medical device supply chains that create an environment where healthcare professionals can do their best work. The trick is to show how these managerial concerns are actually intimately tied to the individualized caring that nurses do. For example, you might write about how you know that long shifts for nurses have been shown to result in high levels of burnout and more patient dissatisfaction . In order to make sure that the nurses are always at the top of their game (as they were when you shadowed the nurses who dealt with the head trauma), maybe you have an interest in developing new scheduling software that breaks up shifts into smaller segments and tracks the fatigue that nurses accumulate over the long term. After all, maybe it was something more than personal brilliance that allowed the nurse you were following to do their job particularly well; maybe they were also at the beginning of their shift, still fresh from a day’s rest and physically capable of navigating a complex situation. Submit your essay and we’ll get back to you with helpful edits. The VIPER program engages students in energy research early on, enabling them to perform graduate level work as undergraduates. Upon successful completion of the program, students receive two degrees: a BSE and a BA. The ultimate goal is to raise innovators in high-caliber research careers who develop sustainable ways to harness, convert, and use energy. The VIPER program has faculty and staff dedicated to advising the VIPER students and meet one-on-one with each cohort member. Cohorts bond, study, work, and get involved in research starting their first year at Penn. If you have conducted research in some sort of energy-related field, then this is a very straightforward essay. You should outline the goals of your project, your hypotheses, your approach, your results, and your conclusions. This seems like a very straightforward outline, but this essay is not just asking for a description of a research project. It is also asking you to discuss what makes you passionate about energy research and the larger social and political contexts that make your research important. The middle three terms — â€Å"hypotheses, approach, and results† — are the more straightforward terms where you say what you did in your research. Maybe you participated in a summer program where you studied how spent nuclear fuel rods behave when stored in different geological formations. You can describe the initial theory you tested, how you went about testing it, and what you found. As you do so, don’t feel the need to cram in the maximum amount of jargon in order to communicate your technical mastery. Wherever possible, use layman’s terms or define the specialized language you are offering. One of the things that these science programs are looking for when they read your essays is not just your capacity to do research, but also your capacity to communicate the importance of your research to a wider audience of non-specialists. After all, even though your VIPER application will be read by people with backgrounds in energy science, they might no t know anything about the particular subfield you were working in. The first and last terms — your â€Å"goals† and your â€Å"conclusions† — should be thought about in slightly more expansive terms. Don’t just talk what about you studied; talk about why you studied it. What is the larger social, economic, and political purpose behind the research that you were doing? For the example about researching spent nuclear fuel rods you might begin by saying that this is an especially important issue because we know that these rods need to be stored for 300 years in order to ensure safety. You might conclude your essay by taking offering a more philosophical approach, talking about how the future of sustainable energy research is not just a matter of coming up with new technologies, but also a matter of looking back and continuing to reckon with the challenges posed by the energy technologies developed in the 20th century. Alternatively, since this still a personal essay and not just a research statement, you might wan t to talk about why this research is particularly important to you . Maybe you live in Nevada’s Nye county, near Yucca Mountain , the first United States’ first nuclear waste storage repository? What if the research you have done is not directly related to energy? If so, that is perfectly fine: the skills you learned in one area of scientific inquiry can easily be transferred to another field. You should still follow the advice above about being a good communicator: avoid excessive jargon, don’t get lost in the weeds. More than a truncated research paper, the admissions committee is looking to see what you learned about the process of research from your experience. When talking about your methods you might talk about how you collaborated with your teammates to solve a particularly difficult problem. Maybe the chemical compound you were using as a catalyst was not congealing properly, and you were stuck until you figured out that the temperature reading for your refrigerator was off by one degree. More than any specific technical know-how, the applications committee is looking for teamwork and problem solving skills. You’ll be studying a lot of textbooks when you get into college, cramming your brain with more technical know-how than you can even imagine. An eager and collaborative spirit is something that you need to bring to the table. If the research experience you are talking about is not related to energy, you will also want to spend some time talking about why you want to get into the field of energy research in particular. Maybe you hope to take the teamwork skills you’ve learned doing fieldwork on sea urchin populations in Monterey Bay to the study of how salt-water algae might be farmed and used as biofuels ? You can also talk about other work that you have done which might not be directly related to scientific research, but is concerned with the political aspects of building a sustainable energy future. Maybe you worked on a campaign to convince local business to become carbon neutral? Whatever you end up writing, you need to convince the admissions committee that you are not just interested in â€Å"science† but rather that you are dedicated to building a sustainable energy future. If you have not done any directed research in the sciences, your essay will be focused on your interest in sustainable energy. You can still demonstrate that you have the skills to be a good researcher even if you have not already worked in a lab. Where have you demonstrated your problem solving skills and your capacity to work with a team? Maybe you worked for a political campaign and collaborated with a team to sort and analyze donor data? Which of your extracurricular activities demonstrates your scrupulous attention to detail and your boundless curiosity in learning how things work? Maybe you built a radio or spend your free time woodworking? Networks permeate and influence virtually every aspect of our lives-everything from how millions of Parisians travel on the Metro to how individuals make friends. Networks lift entire economies and elect presidents. They start revolutions. Move commerce. Make scientific discoveries. Cure diseases. Secure peace. Save lives. To understand and predict behavior, and to design new capabilities and services, we must understand people, systems, and incentives, and how the structure and properties of networks affects interactions. To that end, we’ve created an entirely unprecedented, multidisciplinary program that connects the study of networks with the study of human behavior. Networked & Social Systems mixes courses in engineering, mathematics and science with courses in sociology, game theory, economics and policy. More than just gaining the fundamental knowledge that navigates the various strategies and decisions that make up human interaction, you will build the digital solutions that anticipate the way people — and systems — will act. This essay is very open ended, and it is trying to gauge your capacity to think creatively about how different disciplines relate to each other, and how the concept of the â€Å"network† might hold them all together. But what is a network? A network is an abstract formal pattern. A set of nodes and edges (or lines and dots) that synthesizes the ways people, places, and things are connected. The strength of the network as an analytic tool lies precisely in its abstraction, the fact that it can be used to model and study many different phenomena, from the â€Å" transportation network † of New York’s subway system, to the â€Å" business network † of Donald Trump’s real estate empire. The questions that you might bring to any network are manifold. What is the quickest way to get from one point to another? Which actors are located in central or â€Å"influential† positions? What would happen if one node were knocked out? In statistics and mathematics, big data network analysis is a rapidly expanding research field. In ecology , scientists are using networks to analyze the ways that organisms are related to each other, and modern sociology is consumed with the anal ysis of â€Å"social networks† — not just online, but also in businesses and families and cities. The list of applications for network analysis goes on and on and on. To focus your response and avoid getting lost in the tangle, you will want to write about one specific network that fascinates you. Let’s take the example of the New York City subway system. True, this is not the â€Å"high tech† network like the â€Å"Internet,† but because a network is a kind of formal analysis, the questions raised in the study of one network can be applied to many other different networks. Moreover, NETS’ website mentions that they are interested in both â€Å" digital and real world networks .† Even a creaky old subway system is fair game. So, if you were writing about the New York City subway you might start off by saying that you first became interested in the study of networks as a child zooming along the â€Å"6,† out of Manhattan and into the Bronx. You can springboard from an account of your personal experience as a young rider to your more mature analysis as a student of urban design. Maybe Hurricane Sandy made you ask questions about how the networks that hold cities together might be made more resilient in the face of rapidly changing climate? After zooming out to think about network systems as a whole, you might end your essay by zooming back in on the unique aesthetic experiences that a modern networked world offers as a unique arts and performance space that lets new people and new artists move fluidly across the whole city. Another thing to keep in mind as you write this essay is that NETS is not just interested in the technical details that make a network work : they are also interested in the questions of power. You could call the Internet a jungle of machines-computers, cell phones, and millions of servers in data center warehouses-communing through copper, optical, and satellite links. The universal communications layer of these machines offers services and capabilities that are extensible in ways we never imagined just a few years ago, from online education and sharing jokes with millions in a matter of minutes to transforming entire media industries. But the Internet is not the sum of its machines. Who owns them? Who uses them? And who invents, negotiates and delivers the services in between? While the prompt above talks about the â€Å"creation of beneficial content for society† you might also write about the very real challenges that come with a modern networked society. The internet can be used to spread harmless content, like memes with otters snuggling goats , but it can also be used to spread more disturbing ideas . While it may seem like the Internet offers anyone and everyone a chance to speak, what does it mean if the infrastructure and management of those networks is under the control of a small number of incredibly wealthy companies ? This program is not just looking for talented engineers, it is also looking for interdisciplinary thinkers who are curious about how technologies shape societies and how societies shape technologies. Bio-Dental submatriculation is a seven-year joint program of the College and Penn’s School of Dental Medicine for students who will major in Biology and who wish to enroll in the Dental School during their senior year in the College. Application to the program must be made at the time of application to Penn. Applicants will be notified of their conditional acceptance into the program when they are notified of their admission to Penn. Full acceptance into the program is made after the student’s junior year and is based on academic performance during those three years and meeting the admissions standards of the Dental School. For details, see the   Biology Department   website. The Bio-Dental submatriculation program is highly structured and may not allow students to pursue dual undergraduate degrees. As with most of the essays for the highly structured Bio-Dental program, this essay is looking for information first, and narrative second. This does not mean that there is no room for creativity, but the most important thing is to clearly and effectively communicate what you have done and what you have learned. The first prompt lays out two different ways of answering its question depending on your level of experience. 1) The first option is more straightforward of the two: if you have medical or dental experience, you need to â€Å"list† that experience. And by â€Å"list,† they mean offer some type of resume that is specifically targeted to your interest in medicine and dentistry (no need to discuss your volunteer experience as an elementary school chorus director). The more specific you can be with numbers and dates, the better. But whatever you do, do not feel the need to inflate your accomplishments or the number of hours spent. This is very tempting, but in the end the Bio-Dental program is less interested in the exact number of hours you’ve volunteered than in the demonstration of a consistent and long-standing interest in medicine. Admissions officers know that for financial or family reasons not everyone can afford to volunteer for 15 hours a week. 2) The second option is much more difficult. If you have not had any specific medical or dental experience, then you will need to take a slightly different approach to this essay. You will need to write a very compelling 250-word statement about how your background has prepared you to enter a highly specialized and incredibly competitive seven-year dental program right out of high school. But before writing your essay, if you have absolutely no background in medicine or research, you should first question if you actually want to commit to a 7-year program in the first place (especially one as difficult to get into as Penn’s). If you are set on the decision, however, this essay is of crucial importance to legitimize your application amongst an applicant pool of relatively outstanding students with actual medicine backgrounds. Maybe you have not done any structured research, but you have had a lot of experience going to the dentist because you suffered from a rare gum ailment, and you have done a lot of independent research on your own case and hope to build on that work to help others? Maybe you are deeply interested in medicine, but instead of being able to do resume-building volunteer work you have had to spend a lot of time at home caring for your father who was suffering from Parkinson’s? This essay is attempting to gauge your physical capabilities as a doctor. Talking about your experiences in Woodshop, Robotics, etc., can be a good way of demonstrating your ability to work with your hands. If you were relatively hands-off in high school with respect to your activities, pulling an example from outside of school can help you answer this essay. Perhaps you are the one in your family that eagerly assembles Ikea furniture, or are an avid fan of Lego. Keep in mind that you don’t need to appear capable of brain surgery at this point in your life; you simply need to illustrate to Penn that you are comfortable connecting your brain and your digits. This question is a lot more open-ended. You can speak about anything from a leadership position to a community service role to even your experiences at home with siblings. If you still feel the need to highlight your interest in medicine, you can try to answer this from a medical perspective. Perhaps you had a relatively hectic administrative position in a hospital ER — your ability to calmly and collectively perform tasks with others in this stressful environment can highlight your teamwork abilities as well as emphasize, once again, your passion for medicine. This essay is more specific than a simple â€Å"Why Medicine?† essay. You need to explain why dentistry as a field appeals to you among all other medical fields. You can focus on a modern problem in the field and explain how you hope to pursue it at Penn. Alternatively, you can have a more human answer and explain why patient care in the industry is important to you, and how you hope to take your education and make some impact in that area. Be careful, however, that this essay does not too strongly overlap with your essay about pre-dental experience. If you had no experience to begin with, you likely wrote about how you developed an interest in the field. Make sure you don’t use the same topic for this essay.    There is also a little bit of a trick here: the â€Å"what interests you least† part of the prompt may seem a little bit unusual. In an essay where you are supposed to be communicating your passion about dentistry, wouldn’t it come off as strange to spend precious words talking about what you don’t want to do? The thing to recognize is that this part of the question plays an important role weeding out the applicants who have no business committing to a 7-year dental program as an 17 or 18 year old. People with experience in their intended careers will understand what they do and do not like and where their strengths and weaknesses lie. Being able to speak to your lack of interest in a particular problem is part of how this prompt wants you to demonstrate your depth of experience and what you have learned from that experience. As you talk about â€Å"what interests you least† be careful not to be too negative; even if a certain aspect of modern dentistry does not interest you, you should still make it clear that you respect those who focus their energies on that topic. (Indeed, the people reading your admissions essay might very well be specialists in the topic that â€Å"does not interest† you). While working as a clerk in Dr. Lee’s dental office, I really admired her detailed knowledge of the latest advanced surgery routines, and we would often talk about the research she was doing on enamel erosion. But one thing that Dr. Lee and I also discussed was the difficulty of communicating complicated physiological concepts to patients who did not have her specialized medical training. What those conversations led me to think about was that I was ultimately less interested in the detailed lab research that Dr. Lee focused on, and more committed to developing new methods of clearly communicating the work in the lab to patients. What I like about this response is that it shows a deep involvement with the problems of modern dentistry, and that it pays proper respect to the detailed research that other dentists do, while also showing that you have started to learn about your own strengths. Another version of this essay might talk about how your involvement with one research project on the effectiveness of different kinds of mouthwash led you away from research on consumer products and into a deeper interest into gum tissue. You might say that are now looking into a future career that is less focused on testing consumer products and more focused on in-depth anatomy research. This is also straightforward. If you have relatives, mention them. If you do not, don’t stress too much. You won’t be disqualified for a lack of legacy. Want help on your University of Pennsylvania application or essays? Learn about our College Apps Program and Essay Editing Program . For personalized mentorship and one-on-one guidance through the application process, check out ’s mentorship program and application guidance services .